A Country Study: North Korea

North Korea Foreword Acknowledgements Preface Country Profile Country Geography Society Economy Transportation and Telecommunications Government and Politics National Security Introduction Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Bruce G. Cumings) Historical Setting The Origins of the Korean Nation The Period of the Three Kingdoms Korea under Silla Unification by Kory The Chosn Dynasty: Florescence Dynastic Decline Korea in the 19th Century World Order The Legacy of Japanese Colonialism The Rise of Korean Nationalism and Communism The National Division and the Origins of the DPRK The Korean War The Post-War Economy and Patterns of Industrialization Corporatism and the Chuch'e Idea International Relations Chapter 2 - The Society and its Environment (Donald M. Seekins) The Physical Environment Topography and Drainage Climate Environmental Protection Population Size and Growth Rate Population Structure and Projections Settlement Patterns and Urbanization Koreans Living Overseas Social Structure and Values Confucian and Neo-Confucian Values Chosn Dynasty Social Structure The Traditional Family and Kinship The Colonial Transformation of Korean Society Tradition and Modernity in North Korea Chuch'e and Contemporary Social Values Classes and Social Strata Urban Life Village Life Family Life The Role of Women The Role of Religion Ethnicity, Culture, and Language in Contemporary Society Contemporary Cultural Expression Literature, Music and Film Architecture and City Planning The Korean Language Education Educational Themes and Methods Primary and Secondary Education Social Education Higher Education Adult Education Public Health Chapter 3 - The Economy (Joseph S. Chung) Economic Setting Korea under the Japanese Occupation Developmental Strategy Economic Development and Structural Change Record of Economic Performance Postwar Economic Planning Budget and Finance Organization and Management of the Economy Planning The Ch'ongsan-ni Method The Taean Work System Mass Production Campaigns Industry Development in Major Sectors Mining and Metal Processing Manufacturing Services and Marketing Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Resource Development Production and Distribution of Crops and Livestock Organization and Management Forestry Fisheries Infrastructure Transportation and Communications Railroads Maritime Transportation Civil Aviation Roads Telecommunications Energy and Power Foreign Economic Relations Economic Assistance Foreign Trade Foreign Investment and Joint Ventures Inter-Korean Economic Cooperation Economic Outlook Chapter 4 - Government and Politics (Pan Suk Kim) Relationship Between the Government and the Party The Korean Workers' Party Constitutional Framework Organization of the Government The Supreme People's Assembly The Executive Branch The President and Vice Presidents The Central People's Committee The State Administration Council The Judiciary Local Government Political Ideology: The Role of Chuch'e Party Leadership and Elite Recruitment Party Members Party Cadres The Ruling Elite Leadership Succession Mass Organizations The Media Foreign Policy Inter-Korean Affairs China and the Soviet Union Japan The United States Prospects Chapter 5 - National Security (Guy R. Arrigoni) Military Heritage The Armed Forces National Command Authority Formulation of National Security Policy The Army Organization and Disposition Weapons and Equipment Special Operations Forces Military Capability, Readiness, Training, and Recent Trends The Navy Organization and Disposition Weapons and Equipment Military Capability and Coastal Defense The Air Force Organization and Disposition Weapons and Equipment Trends, Training, Readiness, and Military Capability Air Defense Civil Aviation Officer Corps: Recruitment and Education Military Conscription and Terms of Service Reserves and Paramilitary Forces Role in National Life Relations Between the Military and the Korean Workers' Party Military Doctrine and Strategy The Evolution of North Korean Military Thought Emergence of the New Doctrine Operational Practice in the 1980s and 1990s Employment in Offensive Scenario Defense Industry and Infrastructure Military Industry Special Weapons Chemical Weapons Missile Developments The Nuclear Option Foreign Military Relations Relations with China and the Soviet Union Relations with the Third World Incidents and Infiltrations: Targeting South Korea Geopolitical Changes: New World Order and North Korean Security Internal Security Social Control The Public Security Apparatus The Judicial System Historical Influences The Judiciary Punishment and the Penal System Prospects Appendix. Tables Bibliography

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Appendix A. Tables

<a name="table1">Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors</a>

When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

<a name="table2">Table 2. Ten Major Targets and Interim Results for Third Seven-Year Plan (1987-93) by Sector</a>

(in millions of tons unless otherwise indicated)

Sector	Target for 1989	Results by 1989	Target for 1993
Electricity1	100.0	60.0	100.0
Coal	120.0	70.0	120.0
Steel	15.0	10.0	7.4
Nonferrous metals	1.5	1.5	1.7
Cement	20.0	12.0	22.0
Chemical fertilizers	7.0	5.0	7.2
Textiles2	1.5	0.8	1.5
Marine products	5.0	3.1	11.0
Grains	15.0	10.0	15.0
Tideland cultivation3	300.0	n.a.	300.0

n.a.--not available.
¹In billions of kilowatt-hours.
²In billions of meters.
³In hectares. <p> Source: Based on information from Kita Chosen no keizai to boeki no tenbo (North Korean Economic and Trade Prospects), Tokyo, 1991, 131-79; and Pukhan kyngje ui chngae kwajng (The Development Process of the North Korean Economy), Seoul, 1990, 246-48. <p>

<a name="table3">Table 3. Government Budget, Selected Years, 1975-91</a>

(in billions of wn)¹

	1975		1980		1987		19912
	Value	Percentage	Value	P ercentage	Value	Percentage	Value	Percentage
Revenues	11.6	100.0	19.1	100.0	30.3	100.0	37.1	100.0
Expenditures
National economy	6.7	58.8	11.4	60.3	20.0	66.4	25.2	67.9
Social and cultural	2.6	22.8	4.2	22.2	5.7	18.9	6.9	18.7
Military	1.9	16.4	2.8	14.6	4.0	13.2	4.6	12.3
Administration	0.2	1.8	0.5	2.6	0.5	1.7	0.4	1.0
Total expenditures3	11.4	100.0	18.9	100.0	30.2	100.0	37.1	100.0

<p>

¹For value of the wn--see Glossary.
²Planned.
³Figures may not add to totals because of rounding. <p>

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: China, North Korea, 1990-91, London, 1991, 76-77; Kita Chosen no keizai to boeki no tenbo

(North Korean Economic and Trade Prospects), Tokyo, 1991, 7-9; and Pukhan kyngje ui chngae kwajng (The Development Process of the North Korean Economy), Seoul, 1990, 188-202. <p>

<a name="table4">Table 4. Planned and Actual Production of Selected Industrial and Agricultural Products by Economic Plan, 1961-93</a>

(in millions of tons unless otherwise indicated)

Product	1961-70		1971- 76		1978-84		1987-93
	Planned	Actual	Planned	A ctual	Planned	Actual	Planned	Actu al1
Electricity2	17.0	16.5	28-30	29.7	50-60	50.0	100.0	54.0
Coal	25.0	27.5	50-53	55.0	70-80	70.0	120.0	83.0
Steel	2.3	2.2	3.8	3.8- 4.0	7.4-8.0	7.4-8.0	10.0	6.9
Cement	4.3	4.0	7.5-8.0	8.0	12-13	12- 13	22.0	13.0
Chemical fertilizers	1.7	1.5	2.8-3.0	3.0	5.0	5.0	7.2	n.a.
Textiles3	500.0	400.0	500-600	580	800	800	1,500.0	850.0
Marine products	1.2	1.1	1.6-1.8	1.6	3.5	3.5	11.0	3.7
Grains	6.6	5.0	7.0-7.5	8.0	10.0	10.0	15.0	10.0

<p>

n.a.--not available.
¹1988 figures.

²In billions of kilowatt-hours.
³In millions of meters. <p>

Source: Based on information from Joseph S. Chung, "Economic Planning in North Korea," in Robert A. Scalapino and Kim Jun-yop (eds.), North Korea Today, Berkeley, 1983, 170-71; and Kita Chosen no keizai to boeki no tenbo (North Korean Economic and Trade Prospects), Tokyo, 1991, 34-35. <p>

<a name="table5">Table 5. Economic Assistance from Communist Countries and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 1945-84</a>

(in hundreds of thousands of United States dollars)

Source of Assistance	1945-49		1950- 60		1961-69		1970- 76		1978-84
	Grants	Loans	Grants	Loan s	Grants	Loans	Grants	Loans	Grants	Loans
Communist countries
Soviet Union	0	530	5,148	1,985	0	1,967	0	9,06002,962
China	0	0	3,360	1,725	0	1,050	0	16	2,5870
East Germany	0	0	1,014	0	0	350	0	0	0	0
Other Eastern Europe	0	0	3,263	39	0	0	0	000
Total communist countries	0	530	12,785	3,749	0	3,367	0	9,076	2,587	2,962
OECD	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	12,420

<p>

Source: Based on information from Jung Mo Kang, "North Korea's Trade and Economic Cooperation," Seoul, January 1992; and Republic of Korea National Unification Board, Statistics of North Korean Economy, Seoul, 1986, various pages. <p>

<a name="table6">Table 6. Value of Exports to Communist and Noncommunist Countries, Selected Years, 1984-90</a>

(in millions of United States dollars)

	1984	1986	1988	1990
Communist countries
Soviet Union	447.9	642.0	887.3	1,047.4
China	247.5	255.2	212.3	141.5
Other	51.4	56.4	85.2	67.7
Total communist countries	746.8	953.6	1,184.8	1,256.6
Noncommunist countries
Industrial countries
Japan	131.1	154.3	293.3	271.2
West Germany	135.1	64.1	41.0	50.7 Other	16.1	15.0	39.7	39.0
Total industrial countries	282.3	233.4	374.0	360.9
Developing countries
Africa	3.4	13.8	15.1	17.1
Asia	62.6	87.3	173.6	175.2
Middle East	13.4	4.6	3.9	2.5
Western Hemisphere	2.1	4.5	36.6	44.9
Total developing countries	81.5	110.2	229.2	239.7
Total noncommunist countries	363.8	343.6	603.2600.6
TOTAL	1,110.6	1,297.2	1,788.0	1,857.2

<p>

Source: Based on information from Kita Chosen no keizai to boeki no tenbo (North Korean Economic and Trade Prospects), Tokyo, 1991, 92-93.

<p>

<a name="table7">Table 7. Value of Imports from Communist and Noncommunist Countries, Selected Years, 1984-90</a>

(in millions of United States dollars)

	1984	1986	1988	1990
Communist countries
Soviet Union	467.9	1,186.5	1,921.7	1,667.9
China	248.8	280.8	379.7	403.4
Other	53.6	55.1	78.6	84.5
Total communist countries	770.3	1,522.4	2,380.	2,155.8
Noncommunist countries
Industrial countries
Japan	279.4	203.7	262.7	193.7
West Germany	24.9	42.7	44.1	68.7
Other	81.0	84.4	160.1	210.7
Total industrial countries	385.3	330.8	466.9	473.1
Developing countries
Africa	1.8	2.3	11.2	2.5
Asia	128.2	143.8	258.4	259.1
Middle East	2.5	14.5	6.1	3.1
Western Hemisphere	1.7	8.3	44.2	26.2
Total developing countries	134.2	168.9	319.9	290.9
Total noncommunist countries	519.5	499.7	786.8	764.0
TOTAL	1,289.8	2,022.1	3,166.8	2,919.8

<p>

Source: Based on information from Kita Chosen no keizai to boeki no tenbo (North Korean Economic and Trade Prospects), Tokyo, 1991, 92-93. <p>

<a name="table8">Table 8. Chronology of Meetings Between North Korean and South Korean Prime Ministers, September 1990-December 1992</a>

Date	Location
September 1990	Seoul
October 1990	P'yngyang
December 1990	Seoul
October 19911	P'yngyang
December 19912	Seoul
February 19923	P'yngyang
May 19924	Seoul
September 1992	P'yngyang
December 19925	Seoul

<p>

¹ Originally scheduled for February 1991.
² Agreement on Reconciliation, Nonaggression, Exchanges, and Cooperation between the North and South signed December 13. Meeting led to December 31, 1991, initialing of Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and decision to establish a Joint Nuclear Control Committee after ratification of the declaration.
³ Exchanged ratified copies of the two December 1991 agreements. Agreed on composition of the membership of three subcommittees--Exchanges and Cooperation Committee, Military Committee, and North-South Political Committee.
⁴ Signed a series of protocols for the subcommittees established by treaty in the February agreement; later in May set up the North-South liaison offices in P'anmunjm. Agreed to allow at least 100 separated families to have brief reunion visits in August.

⁵ Scheduled, but not held. <p>

<a name="table9">Table 9. Ground Forces Order of Battle, 1992</a>

	Number
Strength	1,100,000+
Organization
Corps
Conventional	8
Mechanized	4
Armor	1
Artillery	2
Geographic	1
Military district commands	9
Infantry divisions	26-30
Reserve and pacification divisions	22-26
Infantry brigades	3-6
Reserve and pacification brigades	18+
Mechanized and mobile brigades	23-30
Armor brigades	14-15
Artillery brigades	20-30
Special operations forces brigades	22
Special operations forces battalions	7
Equipment
Total medium and light tanks	3,600
T-54/55/59	2,200+
T-62	600+
T-34	n.a.
APCs	2,500
Other light tanks (PT-76/China's T-62/63 and North Korea's M-1985)	n.a.
Artillery
Self-propelled	5,500+
Towed	3,000+
Multiple rocket launchers	2,400
Mortars
60-160mm	9,000+

<p>

n.a.--not available. <p>

<a name="table10">Table 10. Navy Order of Battle, 1992</a>

	Number
Strength	40,000-60,000
Organization Fleets	2
Squadrons
East Sea	9
Yellow Sea	5
Equipment
Frigate	1
Corvettes	2
Submarines
Whiskey class	4
Romeo class	19
Missile attack boats (PTG)	39
Coastal patrol boats
PT	200
PC/PCS/PB	120
PCFS	60
Unspecified	20
Amphibious craft
Nampo	100
AVC	40+
LCM/LCU	32+
Unspecified	23
Mine warfare craft	23

<p>

<a name="table11">Table 11. Air Force Order of Battle, 1992</a>

	Number
Strength	70,000
Organization
Air combat commands	3
Air division	1
Interceptor regiments	12
Ground attack regiments
Il-28	3
Su-25/7	1
MiG-19/A-5	2
MiG-15/17	2
Transport regiments
An-2	6
Unspecified	6
Helicopter regiments	6
Equipment
Total aircraft
Jets	760
Bombers	82
Transports	480
Helicopters	300
MiG-15/17, air-to-air and ground attack	310
MiG-19, air-to-air	60+
MiG-19/A-5, primarily ground attack	100+
MiG-21, air-to-air	160+
MiG-23, air-to-air	46
MiG-29, air-to-air	14
Su-7, primarily ground attack	20
Su-25, primarily ground attack	20
Il-28, primarily ground attack	82
An-2, transport	250+
An-24, transport	10
Unspecified transports and trainers	200+
Mi-2/4/8/17 helicopters	210+
MD-500 helicopters	87

<p>

<a name="table12">Table 12. Arms Trade, Selected Years, 1979-89</a>

(in millions of United States dollars)1

Year	Imports		Exports
	Value2	Percentage of Total Imports3	Value2	Percentage of Total Exports3
1979	338	16.2	145	6.8
1981	269	12.2	672	35.5
1983	231	12.7	268	15.7
1985	433	22.1	398	25.4
1987	452	n.a.	430	n.a.
1989	525	n.a.	400	n.a.

<p>

n.a.--not available.
1 In constant 1989 dollars.
2 To avoid the appearance of excessive accuracy, arms transfer data have been independently rounded, with greater severity for large numbers. Because of this rounding and the fact that they are obtained from different sources, world arms exports do not equal world arms imports.
3 Because some countries exclude arms imports or exports from their trade statistics and their "total" imports and exports are therefore understated and because arms transfers may be estimated independently of trade data, the resulting ratios of arms to total imports or exports may be overstated and may even exceed 100 percent. <p>

Source: Based on information from United States, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1990, Washington, 1991, 111.

<p>

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